day/ultralytics/engine/model.py

# Ultralytics 🚀 AGPL-3.0 License - https://ultralytics.com/license

import inspect
from pathlib import Path
from typing import Any, Dict, List, Union

import numpy as np
import torch
from PIL import Image

from huggingface_hub import PyTorchModelHubMixin

from ultralytics.cfg import TASK2DATA, get_cfg, get_save_dir
from ultralytics.engine.results import Results
from ultralytics.hub import HUB_WEB_ROOT, HUBTrainingSession
from ultralytics.nn.tasks import attempt_load_one_weight, guess_model_task, nn, yaml_model_load
from ultralytics.utils import (
    ARGV,
    ASSETS,
    DEFAULT_CFG_DICT,
    LOGGER,
    RANK,
    SETTINGS,
    callbacks,
    checks,
    emojis,
    yaml_load,
)


class Model(nn.Module, PyTorchModelHubMixin, repo_url="https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics", pipeline_tag="object-detection", license="agpl-3.0"):
    """
    A base class for implementing YOLO models, unifying APIs across different model types.

    This class provides a common interface for various operations related to YOLO models, such as training,
    validation, prediction, exporting, and benchmarking. It handles different types of models, including those
    loaded from local files, Ultralytics HUB, or Triton Server.

    Attributes:
        callbacks (Dict): A dictionary of callback functions for various events during model operations.
        predictor (BasePredictor): The predictor object used for making predictions.
        model (nn.Module): The underlying PyTorch model.
        trainer (BaseTrainer): The trainer object used for training the model.
        ckpt (Dict): The checkpoint data if the model is loaded from a *.pt file.
        cfg (str): The configuration of the model if loaded from a *.yaml file.
        ckpt_path (str): The path to the checkpoint file.
        overrides (Dict): A dictionary of overrides for model configuration.
        metrics (Dict): The latest training/validation metrics.
        session (HUBTrainingSession): The Ultralytics HUB session, if applicable.
        task (str): The type of task the model is intended for.
        model_name (str): The name of the model.

    Methods:
        __call__: Alias for the predict method, enabling the model instance to be callable.
        _new: Initializes a new model based on a configuration file.
        _load: Loads a model from a checkpoint file.
        _check_is_pytorch_model: Ensures that the model is a PyTorch model.
        reset_weights: Resets the model's weights to their initial state.
        load: Loads model weights from a specified file.
        save: Saves the current state of the model to a file.
        info: Logs or returns information about the model.
        fuse: Fuses Conv2d and BatchNorm2d layers for optimized inference.
        predict: Performs object detection predictions.
        track: Performs object tracking.
        val: Validates the model on a dataset.
        benchmark: Benchmarks the model on various export formats.
        export: Exports the model to different formats.
        train: Trains the model on a dataset.
        tune: Performs hyperparameter tuning.
        _apply: Applies a function to the model's tensors.
        add_callback: Adds a callback function for an event.
        clear_callback: Clears all callbacks for an event.
        reset_callbacks: Resets all callbacks to their default functions.

    Examples:
        >>> from ultralytics import YOLO
        >>> model = YOLO("yolo11n.pt")
        >>> results = model.predict("image.jpg")
        >>> model.train(data="coco8.yaml", epochs=3)
        >>> metrics = model.val()
        >>> model.export(format="onnx")
    """

    def __init__(
        self,
        model: Union[str, Path] = "yolo11n.pt",
        task: str = None,
        verbose: bool = False,
    ) -> None:
        """
        Initializes a new instance of the YOLO model class.

        This constructor sets up the model based on the provided model path or name. It handles various types of
        model sources, including local files, Ultralytics HUB models, and Triton Server models. The method
        initializes several important attributes of the model and prepares it for operations like training,
        prediction, or export.

        Args:
            model (Union[str, Path]): Path or name of the model to load or create. Can be a local file path, a
                model name from Ultralytics HUB, or a Triton Server model.
            task (str | None): The task type associated with the YOLO model, specifying its application domain.
            verbose (bool): If True, enables verbose output during the model's initialization and subsequent
                operations.

        Raises:
            FileNotFoundError: If the specified model file does not exist or is inaccessible.
            ValueError: If the model file or configuration is invalid or unsupported.
            ImportError: If required dependencies for specific model types (like HUB SDK) are not installed.

        Examples:
            >>> model = Model("yolo11n.pt")
            >>> model = Model("path/to/model.yaml", task="detect")
            >>> model = Model("hub_model", verbose=True)
        """
        super().__init__()
        self.callbacks = callbacks.get_default_callbacks()
        self.predictor = None  # reuse predictor
        self.model = None  # model object
        self.trainer = None  # trainer object
        self.ckpt = {}  # if loaded from *.pt
        self.cfg = None  # if loaded from *.yaml
        self.ckpt_path = None
        self.overrides = {}  # overrides for trainer object
        self.metrics = None  # validation/training metrics
        self.session = None  # HUB session
        self.task = task  # task type
        model = str(model).strip()  

        # Check if Ultralytics HUB model from https://hub.ultralytics.com
        if self.is_hub_model(model):
            # Fetch model from HUB
            checks.check_requirements("hub-sdk>=0.0.12")
            session = HUBTrainingSession.create_session(model)
            model = session.model_file
            if session.train_args:  # training sent from HUB
                self.session = session

        # Check if Triton Server model
        elif self.is_triton_model(model):
            self.model_name = self.model = model
            self.overrides["task"] = task or "detect"  # set `task=detect` if not explicitly set
            return

        # Load or create new YOLO model
        if Path(model).suffix in {".yaml", ".yml"}:
            self._new(model, task=task, verbose=verbose)
        else:
            self._load(model, task=task)

        # Delete super().training for accessing self.model.training
        del self.training

    def __call__(
        self,
        source: Union[str, Path, int, Image.Image, list, tuple, np.ndarray, torch.Tensor] = None,
        stream: bool = False,
        **kwargs: Any,
    ) -> list:
        """
        Alias for the predict method, enabling the model instance to be callable for predictions.

        This method simplifies the process of making predictions by allowing the model instance to be called
        directly with the required arguments.

        Args:
            source (str | Path | int | PIL.Image | np.ndarray | torch.Tensor | List | Tuple): The source of
                the image(s) to make predictions on. Can be a file path, URL, PIL image, numpy array, PyTorch
                tensor, or a list/tuple of these.
            stream (bool): If True, treat the input source as a continuous stream for predictions.
            **kwargs: Additional keyword arguments to configure the prediction process.

        Returns:
            (List[ultralytics.engine.results.Results]): A list of prediction results, each encapsulated in a
                Results object.

        Examples:
            >>> model = YOLO("yolo11n.pt")
            >>> results = model("https://ultralytics.com/images/bus.jpg")
            >>> for r in results:
            ...     print(f"Detected {len(r)} objects in image")
        """
        return self.predict(source, stream, **kwargs)

    @staticmethod
    def is_triton_model(model: str) -> bool:
        """
        Checks if the given model string is a Triton Server URL.

        This static method determines whether the provided model string represents a valid Triton Server URL by
        parsing its components using urllib.parse.urlsplit().

        Args:
            model (str): The model string to be checked.

        Returns:
            (bool): True if the model string is a valid Triton Server URL, False otherwise.

        Examples:
            >>> Model.is_triton_model("http://localhost:8000/v2/models/yolov8n")
            True
            >>> Model.is_triton_model("yolo11n.pt")
            False
        """
        from urllib.parse import urlsplit

        url = urlsplit(model)
        return url.netloc and url.path and url.scheme in {"http", "grpc"}

    @staticmethod
    def is_hub_model(model: str) -> bool:
        """
        Check if the provided model is an Ultralytics HUB model.

        This static method determines whether the given model string represents a valid Ultralytics HUB model
        identifier.

        Args:
            model (str): The model string to check.

        Returns:
            (bool): True if the model is a valid Ultralytics HUB model, False otherwise.

        Examples:
            >>> Model.is_hub_model("https://hub.ultralytics.com/models/MODEL")
            True
            >>> Model.is_hub_model("yolo11n.pt")
            False
        """
        return model.startswith(f"{HUB_WEB_ROOT}/models/")

    def _new(self, cfg: str, task=None, model=None, verbose=False) -> None:
        """
        Initializes a new model and infers the task type from the model definitions.

        This method creates a new model instance based on the provided configuration file. It loads the model
        configuration, infers the task type if not specified, and initializes the model using the appropriate
        class from the task map.

        Args:
            cfg (str): Path to the model configuration file in YAML format.
            task (str | None): The specific task for the model. If None, it will be inferred from the config.
            model (torch.nn.Module | None): A custom model instance. If provided, it will be used instead of creating
                a new one.
            verbose (bool): If True, displays model information during loading.

        Raises:
            ValueError: If the configuration file is invalid or the task cannot be inferred.
            ImportError: If the required dependencies for the specified task are not installed.

        Examples:
            >>> model = Model()
            >>> model._new("yolov8n.yaml", task="detect", verbose=True)
        """
        cfg_dict = yaml_model_load(cfg)
        self.cfg = cfg
        self.task = task or guess_model_task(cfg_dict)
        self.model = (model or self._smart_load("model"))(cfg_dict, verbose=verbose and RANK == -1)  # build model
        self.overrides["model"] = self.cfg
        self.overrides["task"] = self.task

        # Below added to allow export from YAMLs
        self.model.args = {**DEFAULT_CFG_DICT, **self.overrides}  # combine default and model args (prefer model args)
        self.model.task = self.task
        self.model_name = cfg

    def _load(self, weights: str, task=None) -> None:
        """
        Loads a model from a checkpoint file or initializes it from a weights file.

        This method handles loading models from either .pt checkpoint files or other weight file formats. It sets
        up the model, task, and related attributes based on the loaded weights.

        Args:
            weights (str): Path to the model weights file to be loaded.
            task (str | None): The task associated with the model. If None, it will be inferred from the model.

        Raises:
            FileNotFoundError: If the specified weights file does not exist or is inaccessible.
            ValueError: If the weights file format is unsupported or invalid.

        Examples:
            >>> model = Model()
            >>> model._load("yolo11n.pt")
            >>> model._load("path/to/weights.pth", task="detect")
        """
        if weights.lower().startswith(("https://", "http://", "rtsp://", "rtmp://", "tcp://")):
            weights = checks.check_file(weights, download_dir=SETTINGS["weights_dir"])  # download and return local file
        weights = checks.check_model_file_from_stem(weights)  # add suffix, i.e. yolov8n -> yolov8n.pt

        if Path(weights).suffix == ".pt":
            self.model, self.ckpt = attempt_load_one_weight(weights)
            self.task = self.model.args["task"]
            self.overrides = self.model.args = self._reset_ckpt_args(self.model.args)
            self.ckpt_path = self.model.pt_path
        else:
            weights = checks.check_file(weights)  # runs in all cases, not redundant with above call
            self.model, self.ckpt = weights, None
            self.task = task or guess_model_task(weights)
            self.ckpt_path = weights
        self.overrides["model"] = weights
        self.overrides["task"] = self.task
        self.model_name = weights

    def _check_is_pytorch_model(self) -> None:
        """
        Checks if the model is a PyTorch model and raises a TypeError if it's not.

        This method verifies that the model is either a PyTorch module or a .pt file. It's used to ensure that
        certain operations that require a PyTorch model are only performed on compatible model types.

        Raises:
            TypeError: If the model is not a PyTorch module or a .pt file. The error message provides detailed
                information about supported model formats and operations.

        Examples:
            >>> model = Model("yolo11n.pt")
            >>> model._check_is_pytorch_model()  # No error raised
            >>> model = Model("yolov8n.onnx")
            >>> model._check_is_pytorch_model()  # Raises TypeError
        """
        pt_str = isinstance(self.model, (str, Path)) and Path(self.model).suffix == ".pt"
        pt_module = isinstance(self.model, nn.Module)
        if not (pt_module or pt_str):
            raise TypeError(
                f"model='{self.model}' should be a *.pt PyTorch model to run this method, but is a different format. "
                f"PyTorch models can train, val, predict and export, i.e. 'model.train(data=...)', but exported "
                f"formats like ONNX, TensorRT etc. only support 'predict' and 'val' modes, "
                f"i.e. 'yolo predict model=yolov8n.onnx'.\nTo run CUDA or MPS inference please pass the device "
                f"argument directly in your inference command, i.e. 'model.predict(source=..., device=0)'"
            )

    def reset_weights(self) -> "Model":
        """
        Resets the model's weights to their initial state.

        This method iterates through all modules in the model and resets their parameters if they have a
        'reset_parameters' method. It also ensures that all parameters have 'requires_grad' set to True,
        enabling them to be updated during training.

        Returns:
            (Model): The instance of the class with reset weights.

        Raises:
            AssertionError: If the model is not a PyTorch model.

        Examples:
            >>> model = Model("yolo11n.pt")
            >>> model.reset_weights()
        """
        self._check_is_pytorch_model()
        for m in self.model.modules():
            if hasattr(m, "reset_parameters"):
                m.reset_parameters()
        for p in self.model.parameters():
            p.requires_grad = True
        return self

    def load(self, weights: Union[str, Path] = "yolo11n.pt") -> "Model":
        """
        Loads parameters from the specified weights file into the model.

        This method supports loading weights from a file or directly from a weights object. It matches parameters by
        name and shape and transfers them to the model.

        Args:
            weights (Union[str, Path]): Path to the weights file or a weights object.

        Returns:
            (Model): The instance of the class with loaded weights.

        Raises:
            AssertionError: If the model is not a PyTorch model.

        Examples:
            >>> model = Model()
            >>> model.load("yolo11n.pt")
            >>> model.load(Path("path/to/weights.pt"))
        """
        self._check_is_pytorch_model()
        if isinstance(weights, (str, Path)):
            self.overrides["pretrained"] = weights  # remember the weights for DDP training
            weights, self.ckpt = attempt_load_one_weight(weights)
        self.model.load(weights)
        return self

    def save(self, filename: Union[str, Path] = "saved_model.pt") -> None:
        """
        Saves the current model state to a file.

        This method exports the model's checkpoint (ckpt) to the specified filename. It includes metadata such as
        the date, Ultralytics version, license information, and a link to the documentation.

        Args:
            filename (Union[str, Path]): The name of the file to save the model to.

        Raises:
            AssertionError: If the model is not a PyTorch model.

        Examples:
            >>> model = Model("yolo11n.pt")
            >>> model.save("my_model.pt")
        """
        self._check_is_pytorch_model()
        from copy import deepcopy
        from datetime import datetime

        from ultralytics import __version__

        updates = {
            "model": deepcopy(self.model).half() if isinstance(self.model, nn.Module) else self.model,
            "date": datetime.now().isoformat(),
            "version": __version__,
            "license": "AGPL-3.0 License (https://ultralytics.com/license)",
            "docs": "https://docs.ultralytics.com",
        }
        torch.save({**self.ckpt, **updates}, filename)

    def info(self, detailed: bool = False, verbose: bool = True):
        """
        Logs or returns model information.

        This method provides an overview or detailed information about the model, depending on the arguments
        passed. It can control the verbosity of the output and return the information as a list.

        Args:
            detailed (bool): If True, shows detailed information about the model layers and parameters.
            verbose (bool): If True, prints the information. If False, returns the information as a list.

        Returns:
            (List[str]): A list of strings containing various types of information about the model, including
                model summary, layer details, and parameter counts. Empty if verbose is True.

        Raises:
            TypeError: If the model is not a PyTorch model.

        Examples:
            >>> model = Model("yolo11n.pt")
            >>> model.info()  # Prints model summary
            >>> info_list = model.info(detailed=True, verbose=False)  # Returns detailed info as a list
        """
        self._check_is_pytorch_model()
        return self.model.info(detailed=detailed, verbose=verbose)

    def fuse(self):
        """
        Fuses Conv2d and BatchNorm2d layers in the model for optimized inference.

        This method iterates through the model's modules and fuses consecutive Conv2d and BatchNorm2d layers
        into a single layer. This fusion can significantly improve inference speed by reducing the number of
        operations and memory accesses required during forward passes.

        The fusion process typically involves folding the BatchNorm2d parameters (mean, variance, weight, and
        bias) into the preceding Conv2d layer's weights and biases. This results in a single Conv2d layer that
        performs both convolution and normalization in one step.

        Raises:
            TypeError: If the model is not a PyTorch nn.Module.

        Examples:
            >>> model = Model("yolo11n.pt")
            >>> model.fuse()
            >>> # Model is now fused and ready for optimized inference
        """
        self._check_is_pytorch_model()
        self.model.fuse()

    def embed(
        self,
        source: Union[str, Path, int, list, tuple, np.ndarray, torch.Tensor] = None,
        stream: bool = False,
        **kwargs: Any,
    ) -> list:
        """
        Generates image embeddings based on the provided source.

        This method is a wrapper around the 'predict()' method, focusing on generating embeddings from an image
        source. It allows customization of the embedding process through various keyword arguments.

        Args:
            source (str | Path | int | List | Tuple | np.ndarray | torch.Tensor): The source of the image for
                generating embeddings. Can be a file path, URL, PIL image, numpy array, etc.
            stream (bool): If True, predictions are streamed.
            **kwargs: Additional keyword arguments for configuring the embedding process.

        Returns:
            (List[torch.Tensor]): A list containing the image embeddings.

        Raises:
            AssertionError: If the model is not a PyTorch model.

        Examples:
            >>> model = YOLO("yolo11n.pt")
            >>> image = "https://ultralytics.com/images/bus.jpg"
            >>> embeddings = model.embed(image)
            >>> print(embeddings[0].shape)
        """
        if not kwargs.get("embed"):
            kwargs["embed"] = [len(self.model.model) - 2]  # embed second-to-last layer if no indices passed
        return self.predict(source, stream, **kwargs)

    def predict(
        self,
        source: Union[str, Path, int, Image.Image, list, tuple, np.ndarray, torch.Tensor] = None,
        stream: bool = False,
        predictor=None,
        **kwargs: Any,
    ) -> List[Results]:
        """
        Performs predictions on the given image source using the YOLO model.

        This method facilitates the prediction process, allowing various configurations through keyword arguments.
        It supports predictions with custom predictors or the default predictor method. The method handles different
        types of image sources and can operate in a streaming mode.

        Args:
            source (str | Path | int | PIL.Image | np.ndarray | torch.Tensor | List | Tuple): The source
                of the image(s) to make predictions on. Accepts various types including file paths, URLs, PIL
                images, numpy arrays, and torch tensors.
            stream (bool): If True, treats the input source as a continuous stream for predictions.
            predictor (BasePredictor | None): An instance of a custom predictor class for making predictions.
                If None, the method uses a default predictor.
            **kwargs: Additional keyword arguments for configuring the prediction process.

        Returns:
            (List[ultralytics.engine.results.Results]): A list of prediction results, each encapsulated in a
                Results object.

        Examples:
            >>> model = YOLO("yolo11n.pt")
            >>> results = model.predict(source="path/to/image.jpg", conf=0.25)
            >>> for r in results:
            ...     print(r.boxes.data)  # print detection bounding boxes

        Notes:
            - If 'source' is not provided, it defaults to the ASSETS constant with a warning.
            - The method sets up a new predictor if not already present and updates its arguments with each call.
            - For SAM-type models, 'prompts' can be passed as a keyword argument.
        """
        if source is None:
            source = ASSETS
            LOGGER.warning(f"WARNING ⚠️ 'source' is missing. Using 'source={source}'.")

        is_cli = (ARGV[0].endswith("yolo") or ARGV[0].endswith("ultralytics")) and any(
            x in ARGV for x in ("predict", "track", "mode=predict", "mode=track")
        )

        custom = {"conf": 0.25, "batch": 1, "save": is_cli, "mode": "predict"}  # method defaults
        args = {**self.overrides, **custom, **kwargs}  # highest priority args on the right
        prompts = args.pop("prompts", None)  # for SAM-type models

        if not self.predictor:
            self.predictor = (predictor or self._smart_load("predictor"))(overrides=args, _callbacks=self.callbacks)
            self.predictor.setup_model(model=self.model, verbose=is_cli)
        else:  # only update args if predictor is already setup
            self.predictor.args = get_cfg(self.predictor.args, args)
            if "project" in args or "name" in args:
                self.predictor.save_dir = get_save_dir(self.predictor.args)
        if prompts and hasattr(self.predictor, "set_prompts"):  # for SAM-type models
            self.predictor.set_prompts(prompts)
        return self.predictor.predict_cli(source=source) if is_cli else self.predictor(source=source, stream=stream)

    def track(
        self,
        source: Union[str, Path, int, list, tuple, np.ndarray, torch.Tensor] = None,
        stream: bool = False,
        persist: bool = False,
        **kwargs: Any,
    ) -> List[Results]:
        """
        Conducts object tracking on the specified input source using the registered trackers.

        This method performs object tracking using the model's predictors and optionally registered trackers. It handles
        various input sources such as file paths or video streams, and supports customization through keyword arguments.
        The method registers trackers if not already present and can persist them between calls.

        Args:
            source (Union[str, Path, int, List, Tuple, np.ndarray, torch.Tensor], optional): Input source for object
                tracking. Can be a file path, URL, or video stream.
            stream (bool): If True, treats the input source as a continuous video stream. Defaults to False.
            persist (bool): If True, persists trackers between different calls to this method. Defaults to False.
            **kwargs: Additional keyword arguments for configuring the tracking process.

        Returns:
            (List[ultralytics.engine.results.Results]): A list of tracking results, each a Results object.

        Raises:
            AttributeError: If the predictor does not have registered trackers.

        Examples:
            >>> model = YOLO("yolo11n.pt")
            >>> results = model.track(source="path/to/video.mp4", show=True)
            >>> for r in results:
            ...     print(r.boxes.id)  # print tracking IDs

        Notes:
            - This method sets a default confidence threshold of 0.1 for ByteTrack-based tracking.
            - The tracking mode is explicitly set in the keyword arguments.
            - Batch size is set to 1 for tracking in videos.
        """
        if not hasattr(self.predictor, "trackers"):
            from ultralytics.trackers import register_tracker

            register_tracker(self, persist)
        kwargs["conf"] = kwargs.get("conf") or 0.1  # ByteTrack-based method needs low confidence predictions as input
        kwargs["batch"] = kwargs.get("batch") or 1  # batch-size 1 for tracking in videos
        kwargs["mode"] = "track"
        return self.predict(source=source, stream=stream, **kwargs)

    def val(
        self,
        validator=None,
        **kwargs: Any,
    ):
        """
        Validates the model using a specified dataset and validation configuration.

        This method facilitates the model validation process, allowing for customization through various settings. It
        supports validation with a custom validator or the default validation approach. The method combines default
        configurations, method-specific defaults, and user-provided arguments to configure the validation process.

        Args:
            validator (ultralytics.engine.validator.BaseValidator | None): An instance of a custom validator class for
                validating the model.
            **kwargs: Arbitrary keyword arguments for customizing the validation process.

        Returns:
            (ultralytics.utils.metrics.DetMetrics): Validation metrics obtained from the validation process.

        Raises:
            AssertionError: If the model is not a PyTorch model.

        Examples:
            >>> model = YOLO("yolo11n.pt")
            >>> results = model.val(data="coco8.yaml", imgsz=640)
            >>> print(results.box.map)  # Print mAP50-95
        """
        custom = {"rect": True}  # method defaults
        args = {**self.overrides, **custom, **kwargs, "mode": "val"}  # highest priority args on the right

        validator = (validator or self._smart_load("validator"))(args=args, _callbacks=self.callbacks)
        validator(model=self.model)
        self.metrics = validator.metrics
        return validator.metrics

    def benchmark(
        self,
        **kwargs: Any,
    ):
        """
        Benchmarks the model across various export formats to evaluate performance.

        This method assesses the model's performance in different export formats, such as ONNX, TorchScript, etc.
        It uses the 'benchmark' function from the ultralytics.utils.benchmarks module. The benchmarking is
        configured using a combination of default configuration values, model-specific arguments, method-specific
        defaults, and any additional user-provided keyword arguments.

        Args:
            **kwargs: Arbitrary keyword arguments to customize the benchmarking process. These are combined with
                default configurations, model-specific arguments, and method defaults. Common options include:
                - data (str): Path to the dataset for benchmarking.
                - imgsz (int | List[int]): Image size for benchmarking.
                - half (bool): Whether to use half-precision (FP16) mode.
                - int8 (bool): Whether to use int8 precision mode.
                - device (str): Device to run the benchmark on (e.g., 'cpu', 'cuda').
                - verbose (bool): Whether to print detailed benchmark information.

        Returns:
            (Dict): A dictionary containing the results of the benchmarking process, including metrics for
                different export formats.

        Raises:
            AssertionError: If the model is not a PyTorch model.

        Examples:
            >>> model = YOLO("yolo11n.pt")
            >>> results = model.benchmark(data="coco8.yaml", imgsz=640, half=True)
            >>> print(results)
        """
        self._check_is_pytorch_model()
        from ultralytics.utils.benchmarks import benchmark

        custom = {"verbose": False}  # method defaults
        args = {**DEFAULT_CFG_DICT, **self.model.args, **custom, **kwargs, "mode": "benchmark"}
        return benchmark(
            model=self,
            data=kwargs.get("data"),  # if no 'data' argument passed set data=None for default datasets
            imgsz=args["imgsz"],
            half=args["half"],
            int8=args["int8"],
            device=args["device"],
            verbose=kwargs.get("verbose"),
        )

    def export(
        self,
        **kwargs: Any,
    ) -> str:
        """
        Exports the model to a different format suitable for deployment.

        This method facilitates the export of the model to various formats (e.g., ONNX, TorchScript) for deployment
        purposes. It uses the 'Exporter' class for the export process, combining model-specific overrides, method
        defaults, and any additional arguments provided.

        Args:
            **kwargs: Arbitrary keyword arguments to customize the export process. These are combined with
                the model's overrides and method defaults. Common arguments include:
                format (str): Export format (e.g., 'onnx', 'engine', 'coreml').
                half (bool): Export model in half-precision.
                int8 (bool): Export model in int8 precision.
                device (str): Device to run the export on.
                workspace (int): Maximum memory workspace size for TensorRT engines.
                nms (bool): Add Non-Maximum Suppression (NMS) module to model.
                simplify (bool): Simplify ONNX model.

        Returns:
            (str): The path to the exported model file.

        Raises:
            AssertionError: If the model is not a PyTorch model.
            ValueError: If an unsupported export format is specified.
            RuntimeError: If the export process fails due to errors.

        Examples:
            >>> model = YOLO("yolo11n.pt")
            >>> model.export(format="onnx", dynamic=True, simplify=True)
            'path/to/exported/model.onnx'
        """
        self._check_is_pytorch_model()
        from .exporter import Exporter

        custom = {
            "imgsz": self.model.args["imgsz"],
            "batch": 1,
            "data": None,
            "device": None,  # reset to avoid multi-GPU errors
            "verbose": False,
        }  # method defaults
        args = {**self.overrides, **custom, **kwargs, "mode": "export"}  # highest priority args on the right
        return Exporter(overrides=args, _callbacks=self.callbacks)(model=self.model)

    def train(
        self,
        trainer=None,
        **kwargs: Any,
    ):
        """
        Trains the model using the specified dataset and training configuration.

        This method facilitates model training with a range of customizable settings. It supports training with a
        custom trainer or the default training approach. The method handles scenarios such as resuming training
        from a checkpoint, integrating with Ultralytics HUB, and updating model and configuration after training.

        When using Ultralytics HUB, if the session has a loaded model, the method prioritizes HUB training
        arguments and warns if local arguments are provided. It checks for pip updates and combines default
        configurations, method-specific defaults, and user-provided arguments to configure the training process.

        Args:
            trainer (BaseTrainer | None): Custom trainer instance for model training. If None, uses default.
            **kwargs: Arbitrary keyword arguments for training configuration. Common options include:
                data (str): Path to dataset configuration file.
                epochs (int): Number of training epochs.
                batch_size (int): Batch size for training.
                imgsz (int): Input image size.
                device (str): Device to run training on (e.g., 'cuda', 'cpu').
                workers (int): Number of worker threads for data loading.
                optimizer (str): Optimizer to use for training.
                lr0 (float): Initial learning rate.
                patience (int): Epochs to wait for no observable improvement for early stopping of training.

        Returns:
            (Dict | None): Training metrics if available and training is successful; otherwise, None.

        Raises:
            AssertionError: If the model is not a PyTorch model.
            PermissionError: If there is a permission issue with the HUB session.
            ModuleNotFoundError: If the HUB SDK is not installed.

        Examples:
            >>> model = YOLO("yolo11n.pt")
            >>> results = model.train(data="coco8.yaml", epochs=3)
        """
        self._check_is_pytorch_model()
        if hasattr(self.session, "model") and self.session.model.id:  # Ultralytics HUB session with loaded model
            if any(kwargs):
                LOGGER.warning("WARNING ⚠️ using HUB training arguments, ignoring local training arguments.")
            kwargs = self.session.train_args  # overwrite kwargs

        checks.check_pip_update_available()

        overrides = yaml_load(checks.check_yaml(kwargs["cfg"])) if kwargs.get("cfg") else self.overrides
        custom = {
            # NOTE: handle the case when 'cfg' includes 'data'.
            "data": overrides.get("data") or DEFAULT_CFG_DICT["data"] or TASK2DATA[self.task],
            "model": self.overrides["model"],
            "task": self.task,
        }  # method defaults
        args = {**overrides, **custom, **kwargs, "mode": "train"}  # highest priority args on the right
        if args.get("resume"):
            args["resume"] = self.ckpt_path

        self.trainer = (trainer or self._smart_load("trainer"))(overrides=args, _callbacks=self.callbacks)
        if not args.get("resume"):  # manually set model only if not resuming
            self.trainer.model = self.trainer.get_model(weights=self.model if self.ckpt else None, cfg=self.model.yaml)
            self.model = self.trainer.model

        self.trainer.hub_session = self.session  # attach optional HUB session
        self.trainer.train()
        # Update model and cfg after training
        if RANK in {-1, 0}:
            ckpt = self.trainer.best if self.trainer.best.exists() else self.trainer.last
            self.model, self.ckpt = attempt_load_one_weight(ckpt)
            self.overrides = self.model.args
            self.metrics = getattr(self.trainer.validator, "metrics", None)  # TODO: no metrics returned by DDP
        return self.metrics

    def tune(
        self,
        use_ray=False,
        iterations=10,
        *args: Any,
        **kwargs: Any,
    ):
        """
        Conducts hyperparameter tuning for the model, with an option to use Ray Tune.

        This method supports two modes of hyperparameter tuning: using Ray Tune or a custom tuning method.
        When Ray Tune is enabled, it leverages the 'run_ray_tune' function from the ultralytics.utils.tuner module.
        Otherwise, it uses the internal 'Tuner' class for tuning. The method combines default, overridden, and
        custom arguments to configure the tuning process.

        Args:
            use_ray (bool): If True, uses Ray Tune for hyperparameter tuning. Defaults to False.
            iterations (int): The number of tuning iterations to perform. Defaults to 10.
            *args: Variable length argument list for additional arguments.
            **kwargs: Arbitrary keyword arguments. These are combined with the model's overrides and defaults.

        Returns:
            (Dict): A dictionary containing the results of the hyperparameter search.

        Raises:
            AssertionError: If the model is not a PyTorch model.

        Examples:
            >>> model = YOLO("yolo11n.pt")
            >>> results = model.tune(use_ray=True, iterations=20)
            >>> print(results)
        """
        self._check_is_pytorch_model()
        if use_ray:
            from ultralytics.utils.tuner import run_ray_tune

            return run_ray_tune(self, max_samples=iterations, *args, **kwargs)
        else:
            from .tuner import Tuner

            custom = {}  # method defaults
            args = {**self.overrides, **custom, **kwargs, "mode": "train"}  # highest priority args on the right
            return Tuner(args=args, _callbacks=self.callbacks)(model=self, iterations=iterations)

    def _apply(self, fn) -> "Model":
        """
        Applies a function to model tensors that are not parameters or registered buffers.

        This method extends the functionality of the parent class's _apply method by additionally resetting the
        predictor and updating the device in the model's overrides. It's typically used for operations like
        moving the model to a different device or changing its precision.

        Args:
            fn (Callable): A function to be applied to the model's tensors. This is typically a method like
                to(), cpu(), cuda(), half(), or float().

        Returns:
            (Model): The model instance with the function applied and updated attributes.

        Raises:
            AssertionError: If the model is not a PyTorch model.

        Examples:
            >>> model = Model("yolo11n.pt")
            >>> model = model._apply(lambda t: t.cuda())  # Move model to GPU
        """
        self._check_is_pytorch_model()
        self = super()._apply(fn)  # noqa
        self.predictor = None  # reset predictor as device may have changed
        self.overrides["device"] = self.device  # was str(self.device) i.e. device(type='cuda', index=0) -> 'cuda:0'
        return self

    @property
    def names(self) -> Dict[int, str]:
        """
        Retrieves the class names associated with the loaded model.

        This property returns the class names if they are defined in the model. It checks the class names for validity
        using the 'check_class_names' function from the ultralytics.nn.autobackend module. If the predictor is not
        initialized, it sets it up before retrieving the names.

        Returns:
            (Dict[int, str]): A dict of class names associated with the model.

        Raises:
            AttributeError: If the model or predictor does not have a 'names' attribute.

        Examples:
            >>> model = YOLO("yolo11n.pt")
            >>> print(model.names)
            {0: 'person', 1: 'bicycle', 2: 'car', ...}
        """
        from ultralytics.nn.autobackend import check_class_names

        if hasattr(self.model, "names"):
            return check_class_names(self.model.names)
        if not self.predictor:  # export formats will not have predictor defined until predict() is called
            self.predictor = self._smart_load("predictor")(overrides=self.overrides, _callbacks=self.callbacks)
            self.predictor.setup_model(model=self.model, verbose=False)
        return self.predictor.model.names

    @property
    def device(self) -> torch.device:
        """
        Retrieves the device on which the model's parameters are allocated.

        This property determines the device (CPU or GPU) where the model's parameters are currently stored. It is
        applicable only to models that are instances of nn.Module.

        Returns:
            (torch.device): The device (CPU/GPU) of the model.

        Raises:
            AttributeError: If the model is not a PyTorch nn.Module instance.

        Examples:
            >>> model = YOLO("yolo11n.pt")
            >>> print(model.device)
            device(type='cuda', index=0)  # if CUDA is available
            >>> model = model.to("cpu")
            >>> print(model.device)
            device(type='cpu')
        """
        return next(self.model.parameters()).device if isinstance(self.model, nn.Module) else None

    @property
    def transforms(self):
        """
        Retrieves the transformations applied to the input data of the loaded model.

        This property returns the transformations if they are defined in the model. The transforms
        typically include preprocessing steps like resizing, normalization, and data augmentation
        that are applied to input data before it is fed into the model.

        Returns:
            (object | None): The transform object of the model if available, otherwise None.

        Examples:
            >>> model = YOLO("yolo11n.pt")
            >>> transforms = model.transforms
            >>> if transforms:
            ...     print(f"Model transforms: {transforms}")
            ... else:
            ...     print("No transforms defined for this model.")
        """
        return self.model.transforms if hasattr(self.model, "transforms") else None

    def add_callback(self, event: str, func) -> None:
        """
        Adds a callback function for a specified event.

        This method allows registering custom callback functions that are triggered on specific events during
        model operations such as training or inference. Callbacks provide a way to extend and customize the
        behavior of the model at various stages of its lifecycle.

        Args:
            event (str): The name of the event to attach the callback to. Must be a valid event name recognized
                by the Ultralytics framework.
            func (Callable): The callback function to be registered. This function will be called when the
                specified event occurs.

        Raises:
            ValueError: If the event name is not recognized or is invalid.

        Examples:
            >>> def on_train_start(trainer):
            ...     print("Training is starting!")
            >>> model = YOLO("yolo11n.pt")
            >>> model.add_callback("on_train_start", on_train_start)
            >>> model.train(data="coco8.yaml", epochs=1)
        """
        self.callbacks[event].append(func)

    def clear_callback(self, event: str) -> None:
        """
        Clears all callback functions registered for a specified event.

        This method removes all custom and default callback functions associated with the given event.
        It resets the callback list for the specified event to an empty list, effectively removing all
        registered callbacks for that event.

        Args:
            event (str): The name of the event for which to clear the callbacks. This should be a valid event name
                recognized by the Ultralytics callback system.

        Examples:
            >>> model = YOLO("yolo11n.pt")
            >>> model.add_callback("on_train_start", lambda: print("Training started"))
            >>> model.clear_callback("on_train_start")
            >>> # All callbacks for 'on_train_start' are now removed

        Notes:
            - This method affects both custom callbacks added by the user and default callbacks
              provided by the Ultralytics framework.
            - After calling this method, no callbacks will be executed for the specified event
              until new ones are added.
            - Use with caution as it removes all callbacks, including essential ones that might
              be required for proper functioning of certain operations.
        """
        self.callbacks[event] = []

    def reset_callbacks(self) -> None:
        """
        Resets all callbacks to their default functions.

        This method reinstates the default callback functions for all events, removing any custom callbacks that were
        previously added. It iterates through all default callback events and replaces the current callbacks with the
        default ones.

        The default callbacks are defined in the 'callbacks.default_callbacks' dictionary, which contains predefined
        functions for various events in the model's lifecycle, such as on_train_start, on_epoch_end, etc.

        This method is useful when you want to revert to the original set of callbacks after making custom
        modifications, ensuring consistent behavior across different runs or experiments.

        Examples:
            >>> model = YOLO("yolo11n.pt")
            >>> model.add_callback("on_train_start", custom_function)
            >>> model.reset_callbacks()
            # All callbacks are now reset to their default functions
        """
        for event in callbacks.default_callbacks.keys():
            self.callbacks[event] = [callbacks.default_callbacks[event][0]]

    @staticmethod
    def _reset_ckpt_args(args: dict) -> dict:
        """
        Resets specific arguments when loading a PyTorch model checkpoint.

        This static method filters the input arguments dictionary to retain only a specific set of keys that are
        considered important for model loading. It's used to ensure that only relevant arguments are preserved
        when loading a model from a checkpoint, discarding any unnecessary or potentially conflicting settings.

        Args:
            args (dict): A dictionary containing various model arguments and settings.

        Returns:
            (dict): A new dictionary containing only the specified include keys from the input arguments.

        Examples:
            >>> original_args = {"imgsz": 640, "data": "coco.yaml", "task": "detect", "batch": 16, "epochs": 100}
            >>> reset_args = Model._reset_ckpt_args(original_args)
            >>> print(reset_args)
            {'imgsz': 640, 'data': 'coco.yaml', 'task': 'detect'}
        """
        include = {"imgsz", "data", "task", "single_cls"}  # only remember these arguments when loading a PyTorch model
        return {k: v for k, v in args.items() if k in include}

    # def __getattr__(self, attr):
    #    """Raises error if object has no requested attribute."""
    #    name = self.__class__.__name__
    #    raise AttributeError(f"'{name}' object has no attribute '{attr}'. See valid attributes below.\n{self.__doc__}")

    def _smart_load(self, key: str):
        """
        Loads the appropriate module based on the model task.

        This method dynamically selects and returns the correct module (model, trainer, validator, or predictor)
        based on the current task of the model and the provided key. It uses the task_map attribute to determine
        the correct module to load.

        Args:
            key (str): The type of module to load. Must be one of 'model', 'trainer', 'validator', or 'predictor'.

        Returns:
            (object): The loaded module corresponding to the specified key and current task.

        Raises:
            NotImplementedError: If the specified key is not supported for the current task.

        Examples:
            >>> model = Model(task="detect")
            >>> predictor = model._smart_load("predictor")
            >>> trainer = model._smart_load("trainer")

        Notes:
            - This method is typically used internally by other methods of the Model class.
            - The task_map attribute should be properly initialized with the correct mappings for each task.
        """
        try:
            return self.task_map[self.task][key]
        except Exception as e:
            name = self.__class__.__name__
            mode = inspect.stack()[1][3]  # get the function name.
            raise NotImplementedError(
                emojis(f"WARNING ⚠️ '{name}' model does not support '{mode}' mode for '{self.task}' task yet.")
            ) from e

    @property
    def task_map(self) -> dict:
        """
        Provides a mapping from model tasks to corresponding classes for different modes.

        This property method returns a dictionary that maps each supported task (e.g., detect, segment, classify)
        to a nested dictionary. The nested dictionary contains mappings for different operational modes
        (model, trainer, validator, predictor) to their respective class implementations.

        The mapping allows for dynamic loading of appropriate classes based on the model's task and the
        desired operational mode. This facilitates a flexible and extensible architecture for handling
        various tasks and modes within the Ultralytics framework.

        Returns:
            (Dict[str, Dict[str, Any]]): A dictionary where keys are task names (str) and values are
            nested dictionaries. Each nested dictionary has keys 'model', 'trainer', 'validator', and
            'predictor', mapping to their respective class implementations.

        Examples:
            >>> model = Model()
            >>> task_map = model.task_map
            >>> detect_class_map = task_map["detect"]
            >>> segment_class_map = task_map["segment"]

        Note:
            The actual implementation of this method may vary depending on the specific tasks and
            classes supported by the Ultralytics framework. The docstring provides a general
            description of the expected behavior and structure.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError("Please provide task map for your model!")

    def eval(self):
        """
        Sets the model to evaluation mode.

        This method changes the model's mode to evaluation, which affects layers like dropout and batch normalization
        that behave differently during training and evaluation.

        Returns:
            (Model): The model instance with evaluation mode set.

        Examples:
            >> model = YOLO("yolo11n.pt")
            >> model.eval()
        """
        self.model.eval()
        return self

    def __getattr__(self, name):
        """
        Enables accessing model attributes directly through the Model class.

        This method provides a way to access attributes of the underlying model directly through the Model class
        instance. It first checks if the requested attribute is 'model', in which case it returns the model from
        the module dictionary. Otherwise, it delegates the attribute lookup to the underlying model.

        Args:
            name (str): The name of the attribute to retrieve.

        Returns:
            (Any): The requested attribute value.

        Raises:
            AttributeError: If the requested attribute does not exist in the model.

        Examples:
            >>> model = YOLO("yolo11n.pt")
            >>> print(model.stride)
            >>> print(model.task)
        """
        return self._modules["model"] if name == "model" else getattr(self.model, name)